Filipinos are a collection of closely related Austronesian ethnic groups indigenous to the Philippines. This includes, among others, the Tagalog, Igorot, Visayan, Ilocano, and Kapampangan peoples.
Filipinos are a Southeast Asian ethnic group, althought they also border the Oceanic/Pacific region to their East, and East Asia to their North.
They originated primarily from Proto-Austronesian tribes which lived on Taiwan and since around 7,000 years ago on Luzon (northern Philippines main island), before expanding to the rest of Southeast Asia and throughout the Pacific as well as Indian Ocean, starting around 5,000 years ago.
Before them, there were three earlier waves into the Philippines:
- The first wave, around 40,000 years ago, can be associated with Australasians, deeply related to Papuans and Aboriginal Australasians
- The second wave, around or earlier than 25,000 years ago, can be associated with Basal East Asians (Onge/Tianyuan-like) and the spread of Hoabinhian material culture
- The third wave, around 12,000 or up to 15,000 years ago, can be associated with early Austroasiatic or para-Austroasiatic groups from Mainland Southeast Asia
- Finally, Early Austronesians arrived between 7,000 to 5,000 years ago from southeastern China and or Taiwan
The first two waves contributed primarily to the Aeta (including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the Ati of Western Visayas, the Batak of Palawan, and the Mamanwa of Mindanao.
The third wave contributed partial genetic signals among the Manobo people and the Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao.
The last wave is primarily ancestral to Austronesian Filipinos, with minor admixture from previous groups.
While the first wave was part of the Australasian branch, the three later waves are part of the “ESEA” (East and Southeast Asian) branch of the Ancient East Eurasian (alternatively also East Eurasian Core or Asia-Pacific) lineage of ancient humans.
The EEC/Asia-Pacific lineage is inferred to have used a Southern (coastal) migration route, reaching South Asia and eventually diverging there into the Ancient Ancestral South Indian (=AASI) lineage, the Australasian/Oceanian lineage, and the Proto-East Asian/Onge lineage (=ESEA).
A single major migration of modern humans into the continents of Asia and Sahul was strongly supported by earlier studies using mitochondrial DNA, the non-recombining portion of Y chromosomes, and autosomal SNP data [42–45]. Ancestral Ancient South Indians with no West Eurasian relatedness, East Asians, Onge (Andamanese hunter–gatherers), and Papuans all derive in a short evolutionary time from the eastward dispersal of an out-of-Africa population [46,47].
The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the Austronesian expansion which started in the Neolithic period, when a branch of Austronesians from Taiwan (the ancestral Malayo-Polynesian-speakers) migrated to the Batanes Islands and Luzon. They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture). Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized the Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups.
Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled Guam and the other islands of Maritime Southeast Asia, and parts of Mainland Southeast Asia. From there, they colonized the rest of Austronesia, which in modern times include Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar, in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan.
Genetics
The majority population of Filipinos are Austronesians, a linguistic and genetic group whose historical ties lay in maritime Southeast Asia and southern East Asia, but through ancient migrations can be found as indigenous peoples stretching as far east as the Pacific islands and as far west as Madagascar off the coast of Africa.
Filipinos cluster close to other East/Southeast Asian ethnic groups and derive most of their ancestry from the “Fujian branch” of “Ancient Southern East Asians” (ASEA). Malays and Indonesians are also closely related, but also carry significant amounts of Austroasiatic-like ancestry, another ASEA branch. ASEA is one of the two major braches of Ancient Eastern Asians, next to ANEA (Ancient Northern East Asian).
Some comparison models, including Igorot (Filipino):
Comparison of Igorot and Aeta (G25 dataset):
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