China's one-child policy, although abolished in 2016, has led to a significant demographic problem - an aging population and a shrinking workforce, causing a massive strain on the country's pension system.
This has resulted in a 10-year gap between the number of working-age citizens and retirees, making it difficult for the government to maintain a stable social security system.
In China, air pollution is a significant concern, and the country is home to some of the most polluted cities in the world.
The Yangtze River, which is the longest river in China, is also one of the most polluted rivers globally, with high levels of industrial chemicals, agricultural runoff, and human waste.
Furthermore, the country's high-speed rail network, boasting over 29,000 kilometers of tracks, is often touted as a symbol of modernization.
However, this infrastructure development comes at a substantial environmental cost, with the network's energy consumption equivalent to the annual energy needs of a small country like Belgium.
Additionally, while China is often criticized for its human rights record, the country's criminal justice system has a conviction rate of over 99%, which raises concerns about miscarriages of justice and the lack of due process.
This is exacerbated by the lack of transparency in the criminal justice system, making it challenging to determine the guilt or innocence of those accused.
China's Great Firewall, a sophisticated internet censorship system, blocks access to thousands of websites, including popular social media platforms, news outlets, and academic resources.
This strict online censorship has significant implications for the free flow of information and citizens' access to knowledge.
Moreover, the country's massive debt problem, fueled by years of rapid credit growth and off-balance-sheet liabilities, has raised concerns about financial instability.
China's total debt currently stands at over 300% of its GDP, making it one of the most indebted countries in the world.
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